Peer Review Report for 10.1105/tpc.17.00027 Direct and Indirect Visualization of Bacterial Effector Delivery into Diverse Plant Cell Types During Infection

Direct and Indirect Visualization of Bacterial Effector Delivery into Diverse Plant Cell Types during Infection.

To cause disease, diverse pathogens deliver effector proteins into host cells. Pathogen effectors can inhibit defense responses, alter host physiology, and represent important cellular probes to investigate plant biology. However, effector function and localization have primarily been investigated after overexpression in planta. Visualizing effector delivery during infection is challenging due ...

Effector trafficking: RXLR-dEER as extra gear for delivery into plant cells.

Tracking the Bacterial Type III Secretion System: Visualization of Effector Delivery Using Split Fluorescent Proteins.

Bacterial pathogens use the Type III secretion system to deliver dozens of effector proteins into host cells; for example, the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae can deliver more than 30 effectors. These effectors have multiple, nefarious functions that help the pathogen thrive in its host (reviewed in Toraño et al., 2016). Effectors target conserved host processes including pathways for entry...

Internalization of flax rust avirulence proteins into flax and tobacco cells can occur in the absence of the pathogen.

Translocation of pathogen effector proteins into the host cell cytoplasm is a key determinant for the pathogenicity of many bacterial and oomycete plant pathogens. A number of secreted fungal avirulence (Avr) proteins are also inferred to be delivered into host cells, based on their intracellular recognition by host resistance proteins, including those of flax rust (Melampsora lini). Here, we s...

Separable fragments and membrane tethering of Arabidopsis RIN4 regulate its suppression of PAMP-triggered immunity.

RPM1-interacting protein 4 (RIN4) is a multifunctional Arabidopsis thaliana protein that regulates plant immune responses to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and bacterial type III effector proteins (T3Es). RIN4, which is targeted by multiple defense-suppressing T3Es, provides a mechanistic link between PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity and effector sup...